The Car as Self
Aesthetic Judgement and Cognitive Extension in Automotive Design Over the Past Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/pur.2025.134Abstract
This essay explores the evolution of automotive design as a reflection of shifting philosophical notions of beauty, selfhood, and cognition. Drawing upon Immanuel Kant's theory of aesthetic judgment and the extended mind thesis, it contends that cars transcend their utilitarian function, serving as extensions of the human self. As both aesthetic objects and cognitive environments, automobiles embody the tension between form and function, autonomy and automation, while mirroring cultural and philosophical transformations. By interpreting car design as a dynamic manifestation of identity, this essay argues that cars are philosophical artifacts—embodied symbols of human thought, experience, and self-conception.
References
Barthes, Roland. “The New Citroen.” Mythologies, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972.
Brady, Michael. “Automotive Design: Professor Explains Why Minimalism Is Having a Renaissance.” Automotive Dive, 6 May 2024,
www.automotivedive.com/news/minimalist-automotive-exterior-design-renaissan ce/712084/.
Clark, Andy, and David Chalmers. “The Extended Mind.” Analysis, vol. 58, no. 1, 1998, pp. 7–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3328150. Accessed 18 Apr. 2025.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
de Vignemont, Frédérique ; Pitron, Victor & Alsmith, Adrian J. T. (2021). What is the body
schema? In Yochai Ataria, Shogo Tanaka & Shaun Gallagher, Body Schema and
Body Image: New Directions. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Gallagher, Shaun. (1986). Gallagher, S. 1986. Lived Body and Environment*. Research in
Phenomenology. 16. 139-170. 10.1163/156916486X00103.
Ginsborg, Hannah, "Kant’s Aesthetics and Teleology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Fall 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/kant-aesthetics/>.
Griffith Winton, Alexandra. “The Bauhaus, 1919–1933.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bauh/hd_bauh.htm (August 2007; last revised October 2016)
Herriott, Richard. “Car Design and Philosophy.” Driven to Write, 29 May 2018, driventowrite.com/2018/05/27/philosophy-of-car-design/.
Hester, Neil, and Eric Hehman. “Dress is a Fundamental Component of Person Perception.”
Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc vol. 27,4 (2023): 414-433. doi:10.1177/10888683231157961
Hutchins, Edwin. “Cognitive ecology.” Topics in cognitive science vol. 2,4 (2010): 705-15. doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01089.x
Lamm, Michael. “The Beginning of Modern Auto Design.” The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts, vol. 15, 1990, pp. 61–77. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1504038. Accessed 20 Apr. 2025.
Li, Kenneth. “From the Vibe Vault: ‘racer X’ (the ‘Fast & Furious’ Inspiration).” VIBE.Com, 28 Feb. 2020,
www.vibe.com/features/editorial/racer-x-rafael-estevez-kenneth-li-fast-and-furiou s-inspiration-may-1998-336369/.
Radu, Mihnea. “History of the Japanese Kei Car.” Autoevolution, 22 Sept. 2012, www.autoevolution.com/news/history-of-the-japanese-kei-car-49720.html.
Richardson, Ethan. “Grotesque Rebellion: The Legacy of the American Muscle Car.” Mockingbird, 4 Feb. 2022,
mbird.com/everyday/grotesque-rebellion-the-legacy-of-the-american-muscle-car/.
Volti, Rudi. “A Century of Automobility.” Technology and Culture, vol. 37, no. 4, 1996, pp. 663–85. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3107094. Accessed 20 Apr. 2025.
Zande, Robin Vande. “Chairs, Cars, and Bridges: Teaching Aesthetics from the Everyday.” Art Education, vol. 60, no. 1, 2007, pp. 39–42. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27696191. Accessed 20 Apr. 2025.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Aditi Choudhary

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
- The Author agrees to digitally sign the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work.
